Ecology. Stability of ecosystems. |
Reflections ››› |
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Figures 4 and 5. These figures and all the following are concerned forests in the Carpathians Mountains (Ukraine). They are the ecosystems with dominance of the spruce and participation of the fir, and the beech. Figures show a windthrow in such ecosystems. The forest was destroyed under an effect of the mighty wind and the shallow effective depth of the soil. The affection by windthrow gets increased if age of forest is old and the mighty wind is accompanied by a heavy rain. This phenomenon is called the aged crash of forest. 60-s XX century. The still photograph from Gleb Vasechko still library |
STABILITY OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO PLANT PESTS: AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH
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