Ebook "STABILITY OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO PLANT PESTS: AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH"
Gleb I.Vasechko,
Cand.Sc.(Biology)
© Gleb Vasechko, 2005 All rights reserved.
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Created 20.03.2005
Last modification 15.06.2021
Gleb Vasechko.
PART I. A LIST OF THE AXIOMS. Continue.
AXIOM 6. SETS of EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS of PLANT PESTS
The Axiom 6 is an extrapolation of the contents of the Axiom 5 on the groups of herbivore species with close life strategies in ecosystems of a definite type. This enterprise implies that the species with close life strategy have similar EEs. The closer their life strategies, the more similarity in their EEs. In ecosystems, it operates sets of EEs peculiar for herbivores with life strategies, for which the similarity is probable. The classification of the sets is based on type of ecosystems, the level ESPPs, the category of biomass, and the W.C. Cook's zone of the species range. Within the groups, the similar EEs result in the definite values of density of herbivores, patterns of density-dependence, longevity, potency and quality of their effects.
In the classification of sets of EEs, it is used the following entities:
6.1. The type of ecosystems,
6.2. The level of ESPPs,
6.3. The category of biomass,
6.4. The life strategy of herbivores,
6.5. W.C. Cook's zones of the species range.
6.1. The type of ecosystems:
6.1.1. Biocenoses,
6.1.2. Articenoses.
The category of ecosystems determines the classes of CESPPs operating in them. In biocenoses, it operates CESPPs of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic classes. In articenoses, it operates CESPPs of the Anthropic class.
6.1.1. BIOCENOSES
6.2. The level of ESPPs:
6.2.1. The level of ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control",
6.2.2. The level of ESPPs 3.2. "Lag control",
6.2.3. The level of ESPPs 3.3. "Late control."
In biocenoses, the level ESPPs is determined by effects of stressors (FDESPPs shown in the Axiom 8), which affect on activity of CESPPs. If ESPPs is not disturbed, an ecosystem stays on level of ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control." A moderate disturbance results in the level 3.2. "Lag control." At the heavy disturbance, it takes place the lowest level of ESPPs - 3.3. "Late control."
The level of ESPPs is characterized by different activity of operation of CESPPs and further distinction of the classes of CESPPs. On the level 3.1. "The proper control", it operates CESPPs of the Extrinsic class of the proper activity. On the level 3.2. "The lag control", it operates CESPPs of the Extrinsic class of decreased activity, which, however, are able to restore their activity at good chance. On the level 3.3. "Late control", CESPPs of the Extrinsic class are so disturbed, that they are unable to restore their activity by chance. Then, it enters into operation of CESPPs of the Intrinsic class.
6.3. The category of biomass:
6.3.1. (D - I.) Vitally important parts of plants, including conductive tissues of stems, branches of trees and shrubs, shoots of coniferous species, roots of the first and the second orders, needles in evergreen coniferous species, buds as to sap-sucking arthropods,
6.3.2. (D - II.) Parts of plants and plants as a whole, partial losses of which do not preclude existence of ecosystems, including foliage and twigs of deciduous trees and shrubs, rootlets, generative organs (flowers, staminate "flowers"), seeds in seasons of abundant yielding, regrowth of dominants, tillers and foliage of grassy species, buds as to vertebrate herbivores,
6.3.3. (D - III.) Waste parts of a stem stock and plants, including the annual stem fall, branches in shade, needles of evergreen coniferous species in shade, and seeds in the years with low yielding.
On the level of ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control", CESPPs are so active that density of herbivores pretending to feed by biomass of the category D - I stays on the level Zero. On the biomass of the category D - II, density of herbivores reach Low and Intermediate levels without decrease of vitality of affected plants. On the biomass of the category D - III, density of herbivores reaches the value High. These parts are not protected by CESPPs. Contrary, consumption of them is necessary for turnover of substances in ecosystems. Therefore, as soon as possible including of D - III in the turnover of substances by PPs is favorable for existence of ecosystems.
On the level of ESPPs 3.2. "Lag control", decrease of activity of CESPPs under FDESPPs results in an increase of density of herbivores, which is able to take place on D - I or D - II. The latter, especially foliage of deciduous trees, is affected by herbivores often. In so doing, the densities reaches the value Intermediate. The level of ESPPs 3.2. "Lag control" takes place if decrease of activity in operation of CESPPs of Extrinsic class is not too much, so that it is possible a return the proper activity of them by chance, and return of density of herbivores on the levels characteristic for 3.1. "Proper control." If it is impossible, ESPPs dips on the level 3.3. "Late control."
On the level ESPPs 3.3. "Late control", CESPPs are disturbed too much to restore their activity. Therefore, density of herbivores reaches the value High on biomass of the categories D - II and/or D - I. In so doing, CESPPs of the Intrinsic class enter into operation.
6.4. Life strategies of herbivores:
6.4.1. Stem borers,
6.4.2. Openly-feeding defoliators of needles of evergreen coniferous species,
6.4.3. Bud-mining and web-making defoliators of coniferous evergreen species,
6.4.4. Sap-sucking arthropods on buds,
6.4.5. Sap-sucking artropods on needles, twigs, and shoots,
6.4.6. Sap-sucking arthropods on foliage, tillers and spikes of ecosystems of diverse types,
6.4.7. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the spring-summer, summer-fall, and fall-spring guilds,
6.4.8. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the early-spring guild,
6.4.9. Bud-mining and web-making defoliators of the larch,
6.4.10. Consumers of seeds having no periodicity of yielding and flowers,
6.4.11. Consumers of seeds with periodicity of yielding ,
6.4.12. Vertebrate herbivores of regrowth of dominants in forest ecosystems,
6.4.13. Vertebrate herbivores of dominants in grassy ecosystems (Meadow, Steppes, Prairies, Tundra),
6.4.14. Invertebrate chewing herbivores in grassy ecosystems (Meadow, Steppes, Prairies),
6.4.15. Soil-dwelling herbivores in desert and tundra ecosystems.
6.5. W.C. Cook's zones of the species range.
6.5.1. The zone of normal abundance (a),
6.5.2. The zone of occasional abundance (b),
6.5.3. The zone of possible abundance (c),
6.5.4. The zone of possible occurence(d).
Life strategies of herbivores on diverse levels of ESPPs and categories of biomass:
6.2.1. The level of ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control."
6.3.1. The category of biomass D - I:
6.4.1. Stem borers,
6.4.2. Openly-feeding defoliators of needles of evergreen coniferous species,
6.4.3. Bud-mining and web-making defoliators of coniferous evergreen species,
6.4.4. Sap-sucking arthropods on buds.
6.3.2. The category of biomass D - II:
6.4.6. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the spring-summer, summer-fall, and fall-spring guilds,
6.4.7. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the early-spring guild,
6.4.8. Bud-mining and web-making defoliators of the larch,
6.4.10. Consumers of seeds having no periodicity of yielding and flowers,
6.4.11. Consumers of seeds with periodicity of yielding (in years of abundant yield),
6.4.12. Vertebrate herbivores of regrowth of dominants in forest ecosystems,
6.4.13. Vertebrate herbivores of dominants in grassy ecosystems (Meadow, Steppes, Prairies, Tundra),
6.4.14. Invertebrate herbivores in grassy ecosystems (Meadow, Steppes, Prairies),
6.4.5. Sap-sucking arthropods on needles, twigs, and shoots,
6.4.6. Sap-sucking arthropods on foliage, tillers and spikes of ecosystems
of diverse types.
6.3.3. The category of biomass D - III:
6.4.1. Stem borers,
6.4.2. Openly-feeding defoliators of needles of evergreen coniferous species,
6.4.10. Consumers of seeds with periodicity of yielding (in years with low yield).
6.2.2. The level ESPPs 3.2. "Lag control":
6.3.1. The category of biomass D - I:
6.4.1. Stem borers,
6.4.2. Openly-feeding defoliators of needles of evergreen coniferous species.
6.3.2. The category of biomass D - II:
6.4.6. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the spring-summer, summer-fall, and fall-spring guilds,
6.4.7. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the early-spring guild,
6.4.8. Bud-mining and web-making defoliators of the larch.
6.2.3. The level ESPPs 3.3. "Late control":
6.3.1. The category of biomass D - I:
6.4.1. Stem borers,
6.4.2. Openly-feeding defoliators of needles of evergreen coniferous species.
6.3.2. The category of biomass D - II:
6.4.6. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the spring-summer, summer-fall, and fall-spring guilds,
6.4.7. Defoliators of deciduous tree species of the early-spring guild,
6.4.5. Sap-sucking artropods on needles, twigs, and shoots
The combinations of the above entities produce wide diversity of EEs. Further, this diversity is modified by effects of W.C. Cook's zones of the species range.
6.5. W.C. Cook's zones of the species range
The effect of the W.C. Cook's zone of the herbivore species range on maintenance of the level ESPPs is as follows:
6.5.1. In the zone (a), ecosystems tend to stay on the level ESPPs 3.3. "Late control." In them, density of a herbivore species is High, the effect of EEs directly density-dependent, spasmodic, Temporal, Potent, Poor. In the zone (a), selective pressure on the part of thriving herbivores can exert so potent effect of host-plants that plant parts belonging to biomass of the category D - II that these parts acquire potent CESPPs Antibiosis and Nonpreference. This results in extinction of a herbivore species in areas, which have been the W.C. Cook's zone (a). The latter transforms into the zone (d).
6.5.2. In the zone (b), ecosystems depending on the extent of their disturbance, density of a herbivore species stays on the levels ESPPs 3.1., 3.2. or 3.3. Depending on the level ESPPs, the category of biomass and life strategy of a herbivore species its density is Zero, Insignificant, Low, Intermediate or High. Again, the effects of EEs are diverse,
6.5.3. In the zone (Ñ_), CESPPs 2.3. "Routine weather suppression" suppresses density of a herbivore species to the level Insignificant. The effect of EEs is density-independent, Potent, Common, the Best,
6.5.4. In the zone (d) for a herbivore species, all the biocenoses independently to their state as to the disturbance and category of biomass using as food by it stay on the level ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control." A resident population of a herbivore species here is absent, whereas immigrants are unable to reproduce. Density of a herbivore species is Zero, the effect of EEs is density-independent. Persistent, Potent, The best.
6.1.2.ARTICENOSES
In articenoses, if special measureas do not practiced in them, an operation CESPPs of the Extrinsic class is not sufficient for maintenance of ESPPs on the level 3.1. "Proper control", because nature of such ecosystems is modified according to aims of people. Here, an operation of CESPPs of Intrinsic class is inadmissible, because High density of herbivores results in losses of production of plants. Therefore, in articenoses, it is applied CESPPs of the Antropic class 2.6. "Human control measures." They provide continual keeping the activity of herbivores characteristic to the level ESPPs 3.1. "Proper control", or if it is impossible, they suppress herbivores. In the case of an increase of density of herbivores that corresponds to decrease of ESPPs on the level 3.2. "Lag control", it is applied the control of these herbivores by temporary suppression measures. In articenoses, the levels of ESPPs are marked by the letter "A."
In articenoses, EEs of herbivores have specific characteristics, which are determined by diversity of human demands to concern of these ecosystems.
6.2. The level of ESPPs in articenoses:
6.2.1. The level of ESPPs A.3.1. "Proper control",
6.2.2. The level of ESPPs A.3.2. "Lag control",
6.2.3. The level of ESPPs A.3.3. "Late control."
In will be made an attempt to offer some suggestions as to 2.6. Human control measures" concerning phytopathogens.
6.1.1. BIOCENOSES and 6.1.2. ARTICENOSES
The factors providing the conservation of herbivore populations on the safe for dominants density in biocenoses and articenoses
Presence of herbivores in an ecosystem is necessary for its existence, because they maintain the turnover of substances and natural enemies of herbivores. There exist a number of ever-increasing limitations of activity of CESPPs at progress in a decrease of herbivore density, so that they survive on all the levels ESPPs both in biocenoses and articenoses with exception of the W.C. Cook's zone (d).
